Explain this Nikon's image modes?

I need to get a basic understanding of the image modes… Please try to include as many details as possible.

There are some listed as:
16M* (4608X3456) (this one has a star next to it)
16M (4608X3456)
12M (4000X3000)
8M (3264X2448)
5M (2592X1944)
3M (2048X1536)
PC (1024X768)
VGA (640X480
16:9 12M (4608X2592)

I tried reading the manual and tutorials but it would be helpful if someone explained the differences. Much appreciated!

Added (1). Thanks Taylor.

Does anyone know why the STAR is present on the first one or what the 16:9 12M is?

Tripod Adapter for Binoculars?

I have Nikon Action 10x50 binoculars that I bought for stargazing last year, I haven't been use it yet cause it is a little too heavy for me to keep steady, so I was wondering what type of tripod adapter could I get for those binoculars, that I could attach to a camera tripod? Is that even possible? I don't want to spend a lot of money on this, and so something maybe < 25ish? Thank you! Oh, and the tripod I have is a MX 2000 standard weight tripod.

Is the Nikon Buckmasters 6-18x40mm Rifle Scope a good scope?

I'm looking at getting a remington 700sps 308 and am thinking of getting a Nikon Buckmasters 6-18x40mm BDC Rifle Scope is this a good scope for hunting and some target shooting and will it go well with the remington 700sps 308. Also should i get the Nikon P-Series Scope Mount w/ Rings for this scope?

What is meaning of 42x zoom in camera?

I wanted to buy nikon p510 camera with 42x zoom… In that what is the meaning of 42x? Whether the image can be magnified 42 times after clicking or the image at the 42 times far looks near to camera?

What's A Really Good Camera with Soft Focus?

I'm looking for a digital camera that resembles a SLR in appearance but has a soft focus effect, Preferably a Canon or Nikon, But any ideas accepted, Thanks

What camera to get? Under 1000 dollars would be wonderful?

I want to eventually become a professional photographer, and I don't know which camera to get. I want a nikon or canon, but don't know what specific type is best. Please list price and type.

How to use Nikon lens on Canon?

I have those lenses Tokina 80-200mm f/4.5-5.6, Vivitar 70-210mm f/3.5 series 1.
They are for Nikon. How can I use them on my Canon eos 1100D?
Is there any adapter? Please tell me

Nikon AF-S 55-200mm VR vs Nikon 55-300mm VR?

Not concerned about an extra 100mm but what about Photo Quality?

Does a lens converter affect the image quality?

I want to get a wide angle lens and it's $180 cheaper to get the nikon over the canon. Is there a good reason not to use a nikon lens with an adaptor over a canon lens? I would get the canon but I need it in less than a week for a holiday and I just can't find a good deal for the canon anywhere!

Can the Nikon 50mm do the job of a Nikon 24-70mm?

I'm more inclined to do portraits, for travel, and a bit landscape. Will appreciate your insightful comments because am planning to buy a new lens the soonest.