I just wanna make sure I got this all right with DSLR's?

Just wanna make sure I'm correct on most things, I need an expert on some of these things.

I need all questions answered if possible.

Just go like this if i'm right

1) YES

If i'm wrong

2) Wrong (Tell me everything you believe that's correct!)
2) Sort of. (Explain what I'm right about and what I'm wrong about)

Let's get started!

1) In manual mode going into the " (seconds range) after 30s you enter bulb mode?
2) Small f stop is low depth of field
3) Small f stop is larger aperture (bigger hole)
4) Large f stop is larger depth of field (can pretty much see further I guess?)
5) Large f stop is a smaller aperture (smaller hole)
6) My photos are too dark at night, I increase my exposure compensation for the BODY of the camera, increase my iso, and give a longer shutter speed - Right? (longer shutter speed which means longer exposure)
7) For bulb mode I would go ahead and set my aperture to f8 if for example I'm on a bridge and want light trails, have an exposure of about 17-25 seconds with ISO of around the 100-500 range.
8) The best way to increase light in my dark photos would be too?
9) Making a sparkler trail would use bulb mode with for example:

Rear flash: YES
Low ISO: 100-200
Bulb mode: YES
Exposure of approx 17-25 seconds like above or however long the trail would take for the pattern you want to make
What else?

10) Forgot how to set slow sync flash
11) In CH Mode, I want my BUILT-IN camera flash to burst, how May I go about doing this?
12) Depth of field works mostly only when you zoom in?
13) ISO doesn't work in [S] [A] [M] Modes, I get a better picture when I select [P] on my camera and let it do it for me! What am I doing wrong? I even have my ISO on H 0.3 and EC on 1.0!
14) How can I make the button above Fn Button (depth of field preview button if i'm right) work properly? It just darkens the Viewfinder heh, I'm using a Nikon d300s by the way I should have mentioned
15) Tiff makes a 2 page image - What's the point in that?
16) Does changing from L To M or S [Large, Medium, Small image sizes - resolution wise] Really change the amount of megapixels? I don't 100% notice much difference.

I will try and think of more questions haha but that's it for now

1) Yes
2) Yes, but one would say "shallow" depth of field instead.
3) Yes
4) Yes, the in focus area will be "deeper" then. You still can see to infinity regardless of the aperture unless something is in the way, this only affects the area of the photo that is sharp.
5) Yes
6) No, you increase exposure compensation if you want brighter or darker photos regardless of if it's night or day. Also, one would only do that in modes other than M. In those other modes the camera already should take the light situation into account, hence one uses exp compensation regardless of if it's night or day. In M mode you would change the shutter speed or ISO as you mentioned.

7) Yes, sounds about right.
8) Increase ISO, open up the aperture or put the camera on a tripod and use a longer shutter speed. Or a combination thereof. It really depends on what secondary effects (DoF, motion blur) you want to achieve or avoid, there's no general "best" way.
9) No flash. That would freeze a part of the motion.

10) Check your manual. Keeping the flash button at the side of the camera pressed and turning the thumb dial would be my guess.
11) Check your manual.
12) Long focal lengths cause shallower depth of field… Is that what you mean?
13) What exactly is wrong with the picture when you use M mode? Without knowing this, it will be impossible to assist you there.
14) That's what it does - it closes the aperture from wide open to the setting that will be used to actually take the photo. If it's closed down, then that will make the viewfinder become darker. Observe how the depth of field in the viewfinder changes when you press it, preferably using a long focal length on a nearby object in front of a distant background to make the depth of field changes more visible than with a short focal length.
15) No idea.
16) It most certainly does… Note that there also are different quality levels such as basic and fine, which do not.